Your four delicate wings, each less than a centimeter long, transport your half-gram body through looming landscapes full of giant animals and plants. In other ways, your world is expansive, even grand. Your five eyes see colors and patterns that humans can’t, and your multisensory antennae detect odors from distant flowers.
For years, biologists have wondered whether bees have another grand sense that we lack. The static electricity they accumulate by flying — similar to the charge generated when you shuffle across carpet in thick socks — could be potent enough for them to sense and influence surrounding objects through the air. Aquatic animals such as eels, sharks and The Ecology dolphins are known to sense electricity in water, which is an excellent conductor of charge. By contrast, air is a poor conductor. But it may relay enough to influence living things and their evolution.
Our job is to work with email data. We work with different country email list countries and email data. Because as email subscribers, we give them away because they are very useful. We are very happy to work with different countries and emails. We are very happy to work with different countries and email.
In 2013 a sensory ecologist at the University of Bristol in England, broke ground in this discipline when his lab discovered that bees can among electric fields radiating from flowers. Since then, more experiments have documented that spiders, ticks and other bugs can perform a similar trick.
This animal static impacts ecosystems. Parasites, such as hitch rides on electric fields generated by larger animal hosts.
Daniel Robert studies animal biophysics at the University of Bristol. His lab has accumulated studies on electrostatic sense in bees, spiders, ticks, butterflies and more.
Alexander Robert
This developing field, known as aerial electroreception, opens up a new dimension of the natural world. “I find it absolutely fascinating interactions between , Living animals, has the potential to uncover things that didn’t occur to us about how the world works.”
“We know from all these brilliant experiments that electric fields do have a functional role in the ecology of these animals,” said an evolutionary ecologist at the The Ecology University of St. Andrews who has studied the sensory systems of butterflies and katydids.nt, evolution can act on them. Though we cannot sense these electric trails, they may guide us to animal behaviors we never imagined.
stumbled into electrostatics while playing with his 4-year-old daughter. They were using a toy wand that gathers static charge to levitate lightweight objects, such as a balloon. When they decided to test it outside, he made a startling observation.
Studies by Víctor Ortega-Jiménez of the University of California, Berkeley revealed that a negatively charged spiderweb attracts positively charged insect prey.
Courtesy of Víctor Ortega-Jiménez
“My daughter put the wand close to a spiderweb, and it reacted very quickly,” recalled Ortega-Jiménez, who studies the biomechanics of animal travel at the University of California, Berkeley. The wand attracted the web. He immediately began to draw connections to his research about the strange ways insects interact with their environments.
All matter — wands, balloons, webs, air — strives for balance between its positive and negative particles (protons, electrons and ions). At an unfathomably small scale, Ortega-Jiménez’s toy buzzes with an imbalance: A motor draws negative charges inward, The Ecology forcing positive charges to the wand’s surface. This is static. It’s like when you rub a balloon against your head. Friction sheds electrons from your hair to the rubber, loading it up with static charge, so that when you lift the balloon, strands of hair float with it.
Ortega-Jiménez considered, friction from beating insect wings 35+ melhores memes engraçados de recrutadores para 2024 could shed negative charges from body to air, leaving the insects with a positive charge while creating regions of negative static. He realized that if a web carries negative charge and insects a positive one, then a spiderweb might not The Ecology just be a passive trap — it could move toward and attract its quarry electrostatically. His lab experiments revealed precisely that. Webs when jolted with static from flies, aphids, honeybees and even water droplets. Spiders caught charged insects more easily. He saw how static electricity altered the physics of animal interactions.
The magic of animal electrostatics is all about size. Large animals don’t meaningfully experience nature’s static — we’re too big to feel it. “As humans, we are. Living mostly in a gravitational or fluid-dynamics world,” Ortega-Jiménez said. But for tiny beings, gravity is an afterthought. Insects can feel air’s viscosity. While the same laws of physics reign over Earth’s smallest and largest species, the balance of forces shifts with size. Intermolecular forces flex beneath the feet of water striders on a pond, capillary forces shoot water impossibly upward through a plant’s thin roots, and electrostatic forces can ensnare any oppositely charged flecks that lie in their path.
“Charged fleck” is an apt physical description of a pollen grain. A few years after Ortega-Jiménez noticed spiderwebs nabbing bugs, Robert’s team found that bees ca onto its body. “There was no contact required between the bee and the flower for that pollen to jump,” Robert said. “This is a trajectory that responds to electrostatic forces.”
The discovery suggested to Robert that electrostatics can enable a plant-pollinator mutualism, a well-known example of coevolution. This dynamic — in which a bee feeds on a flower’s nectar and gathers pollen to feed larvae, and also propagates pollen from flower to flower, enabling plant reproduction — was already well established. The potential role of static charge was brand-new.
Over the past decade, Robert has built a body of work that reveals the many ways insects and arachnids use and experience static. Ticks jump, spiders balloon, bees sense the negative charge of a flower recently visited by another positively charged bee. He even found that the charged relationship between air and insects goes both ways: Honeybee swarms shed so many negative charges that they resulting from a swarm of desert locusts rivals that of clouds and electrical storms.
Mark Belan for Quanta Magazine
Robert’s and Ortega-Jiménez’s conclusions were provocative. But to them, the physics of arthropods makes electrostatic forces inevitable. Bugs are light and angular with a high ratio of surface area to volume — “all these parameters that physicists can tell you call for higher charge density,” Robert said. “It turns out that their world is way more electrical than ours.”
Still, the experiments couldn’t conclude that the creatures control this electrostatic function, or how it evolved — if it even did evolve. Robert wondered: Is the use of static fields by bugs coincidental, or adaptive?
Sam England wears his love of nature on his sleeve. He has half a dozen animal tattoos, including a treehopper decorated with the planets of our solar system — an homage to his background in physics. The marriage of these worlds drives his curiosity: How does physics mold animal behavior? He pivoted to sensory ecology for graduate school and joined Robert’s lab at the University of Bristol to chase the hypothesis that insects actively use static to affect their environments.
Because the electrostatic world is invisible to human researchers, its forces are hard to study, even before you add unpredictable creatures to the mix. “Doing research in biology is so much harder than physics because you have to rely on live animals to do something,” England said. He wanted to test whether Lepidoptera, the order of flying insects that includes butterflies and moths, build up enough static during flight to collect pollen from the flowers they visit for nectar, as bees do. But first he had to rig up a way to measure the insects’ static charge.
A “walk” is England’s best analogy for his method of tricking the insects into staying airborne for 30 seconds. “I had to tie little lassos around their waists,” he said. He leashed each flier with fishing line and coaxed them through a metal loop fixed to measure their charge.
England studied 11 species of butterflies and moths native to various climates, ecosystems and lifestyles. After they flew around their cages for 30 seconds — enough time to accumulate electrostatic charge — he guided them through the loop. All 11 species charged up during flight. Some reached static charge of around 5 kilovolts per meter — enough to
When lepidopterans land directly on a flower, pollen naturally sticks to their bodies. If static charge causes pollen to skip across air gaps, “it’s going to increase their efficiency as pollinators,” England said. “It makes it more likely that pollination will occur.”
To gauge static’s evolutionary significance, he looked for patterns in how the animals’ behavior in the wild correlates with their electrical charge. He found a few. For example, nocturnal moths tend to hold less charge than other species. Why? It’s possible, England speculates, that strong charges make insects more visible to predators that rely on nonvisual cues, such as static, at night. Minimizing charge could therefore help the moths survive.
It’s great new data
Ortega-Jiménez said. He cautioned that the study’s 11 species are a a complete list of unit phone numbers modest representation of the world’s 180,000 or so lepidopterans. “For claiming electrostatic adaptation, it needs to be more broad. But it’s a good hypothesis.”
For insects to act on static information, they must be able to detect electrical fields. Microscopic hairs on bees and spiders seem to aid in sensing, according to work from Robert’s lab.
When England’s team exposed caterpillars to electric fields similar to those generated by a flying wasp, caterpillars such as coiling, flailing or biting. “This basically insinuates,” England said, that “prey and predator can detect each other just using static electricity.”
Dornhausthe behavioral ecologist
questioned whether electroreception buys the caterpillar much time. Yet the high stakes of predator-prey conflict suggest that any advantage may count.
“Organisms are always opportunists,” said Ortega-Jiménez, who is hesitant but impressed by England’s research. He is eager for more data — ideally from wild animals — that examines naturalistic behaviors. “Who is winning this game? Who is taking more advantage of electrostatics?” he asked. “What kinds of predator and prey?”
